Published 25 January 2023

This is a list of actions states could take that may be strategically relevant (or consequences or characteristics of possible actions).

• Regulate (and enforce regulation in their jurisdiction and investigate possible violations)
• Expropriate property and nationalize companies (in their territory)
• Perform or fund research (notably including through Manhattan/Apollo-style projects)
• Acquire capabilities (notably including military and cyber capabilities)
• Support particular people, companies, or states
• Disrupt or attack particular people, companies, or states (outside their territory)
• Affect what other actors believe on the object level
  • Share information
  • Make information salient in a way that predictably affects beliefs
  • Express attitudes that others will follow
• Negotiate with other actors, or affect other actors' incentives or meta-level beliefs
• Make agreements with other actors (notably including contracts and treaties)
• Establish standards, norms, or principles
• Make unilateral declarations (as an international legal commitment)

Author: Zach Stein-Perlman