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— power_of_evolution:evolution_engineering_comparison:energy_efficiency_of_wandering_albatross_flight [2022/09/21 07:37] (current)
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 +====== Energy efficiency of wandering albatross flight ======
 +
 +// Published 24 November, 2020; last updated 10 December, 2020 //
 +
 +
 +
 +<HTML>
 +<p>The wandering albatross:</p>
 +</HTML>
 +
 +
 +<HTML>
 +<ul>
 +<li><div class="li">can fly around 240m/kJ</div></li>
 +<li><div class="li">and move mass at around 1.4—3.0kg.m/J</div></li>
 +</ul>
 +</HTML>
 +
 +
 +
 +===== Details =====
 +
 +
 +<HTML>
 +<p>The wandering albatross is a very large seabird that flies long distances on wings with the largest span of any bird.<span class="easy-footnote-margin-adjust" id="easy-footnote-1-2772"></span><span class="easy-footnote"><a href="#easy-footnote-bottom-1-2772" title='&amp;#8220;The&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;wandering albatross&lt;/strong&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;snowy albatross&lt;/strong&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;white-winged albatross&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;or&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;goonie&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wandering_albatross#cite_note-Robertsonft-3"&gt;[3]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;(&lt;em&gt;Diomedea exulans&lt;/em&gt;) is a large&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seabird"&gt;seabird&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;from the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)"&gt;family&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diomedeidae"&gt;Diomedeidae&lt;/a&gt;, which has a circumpolar range in the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Ocean"&gt;Southern Ocean&lt;/a&gt;&amp;#8230;It is one of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_birds"&gt;largest&lt;/a&gt;, best known, and most studied species of bird in the world, with it possessing the greatest known wingspan of any living bird.&amp;nbsp;&amp;#8230;Some individual wandering albatrosses are known to&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumnavigation"&gt;circumnavigate&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Ocean"&gt;Southern Ocean&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;three times, covering more than 120,000&amp;nbsp;km (75,000&amp;nbsp;mi), in one year&amp;#8221;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;“Wandering Albatross.” In &lt;em&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/em&gt;, October 27, 2020. &lt;a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wandering_albatross&amp;amp;oldid=985673754"&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wandering_albatross&amp;amp;oldid=985673754&lt;/a&gt;.'><sup>1</sup></a></span></p>
 +</HTML>
 +
 +
 +==== Distance per Joule ====
 +
 +
 +=== Speed ===
 +
 +
 +<HTML>
 +<p>In a study of wandering albatrosses flying in various wind speeds and directions, average ground speed was 12 m/s, though the fastest ground speed measured appears to be around 24m/s, <span class="easy-footnote-margin-adjust" id="easy-footnote-2-2772"></span><span class="easy-footnote"><a href="#easy-footnote-bottom-2-2772" title='&amp;#8220;The average ground speed is 12.0 (± 0.1) m/s.&amp;#8221;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;See Figure 3 for all ground speed measurements. Though also, &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&amp;#8220;Notably, due to the combination of fast airspeeds and leeway the fastest ground speeds (~ 22&amp;nbsp;m/s) tend to be located in the diagonal downwind direction.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Richardson, Philip L., Ewan D. Wakefield, and Richard A. Phillips. “Flight Speed and Performance of the Wandering Albatross with Respect to Wind.” &lt;em&gt;Movement Ecology&lt;/em&gt; 6, no. 1 (March 7, 2018): 3. &lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s40462-018-0121-9"&gt;https://doi.org/10.1186/s40462-018-0121-9&lt;/a&gt;.'><sup>2</sup></a></span> We use average ground speed for this estimate because we only have data on average energy expenditure, though it is likely that higher ground speeds involve more energy efficient flight, since albatross flight speed is dependent on wind and it appears that higher speeds are substantially due to favorable winds.<span class="easy-footnote-margin-adjust" id="easy-footnote-3-2772"></span><span class="easy-footnote"><a href="#easy-footnote-bottom-3-2772" title='&amp;#8220;Notably, due to the combination of fast airspeeds and leeway the fastest ground speeds (~ 22&amp;nbsp;m/s) tend to be located in the diagonal downwind direction.&amp;#8221;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Richardson, Philip L., Ewan D. Wakefield, and Richard A. Phillips. “Flight Speed and Performance of the Wandering Albatross with Respect to Wind.” &lt;em&gt;Movement Ecology&lt;/em&gt; 6, no. 1 (March 7, 2018): 3. &lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s40462-018-0121-9"&gt;https://doi.org/10.1186/s40462-018-0121-9&lt;/a&gt;.'><sup>3</sup></a></span></p>
 +</HTML>
 +
 +
 +=== Energy expenditure ===
 +
 +
 +<HTML>
 +<p>One study produced an estimate that when flying, albatrosses use 2.35 times their basal metabolic rate<span class="easy-footnote-margin-adjust" id="easy-footnote-4-2772"></span><span class="easy-footnote"><a href="#easy-footnote-bottom-4-2772" title='&amp;#8220;Energy cost of flight was estimated to be 2.35 times measured BMR.&amp;#8221;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Adams, N. J., C. R. Brown, and K. A. Nagy. “Energy Expenditure of Free-Ranging Wandering Albatrosses Diomedea&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; Exulans.” &lt;em&gt;Physiological Zoology&lt;/em&gt; 59, no. 6 (November 1, 1986): 583–91. &lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1086/physzool.59.6.30158606"&gt;https://doi.org/10.1086/physzool.59.6.30158606&lt;/a&gt;.'><sup>4</sup></a></span> which same paper implies is around 1,833 kJ/bird.day.<span class="easy-footnote-margin-adjust" id="easy-footnote-5-2772"></span><span class="easy-footnote"><a href="#easy-footnote-bottom-5-2772" title='&amp;#8220;This is equivalent to an overall energy expenditure of 3,354 kJ bird⁻¹ day⁻¹ or 1.83 times measured basal metabolic rate (BMR).&amp;#8221;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Adams, N. J., C. R. Brown, and K. A. Nagy. “Energy Expenditure of Free-Ranging Wandering Albatrosses Diomedea&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; Exulans.” &lt;em&gt;Physiological Zoology&lt;/em&gt; 59, no. 6 (November 1, 1986): 583–91. &lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1086/physzool.59.6.30158606"&gt;https://doi.org/10.1086/physzool.59.6.30158606&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;From this we infer that the basal metabolic rate is 1,833 kJ/ bird.day.'><sup>5</sup></a></span></p>
 +</HTML>
 +
 +
 +<HTML>
 +<p>That gives us a flight cost for flying of 0.050 kJ/second.<span class="easy-footnote-margin-adjust" id="easy-footnote-6-2772"></span><span class="easy-footnote"><a href="#easy-footnote-bottom-6-2772" title="2.35 * 3,354 kJ/1.83 * 1/86400 seconds/day"><sup>6</sup></a></span> </p>
 +</HTML>
 +
 +
 +=== Distance per Joule calculation ===
 +
 +
 +<HTML>
 +<p>This gives us a distance per energy score of:</p>
 +</HTML>
 +
 +
 +<HTML>
 +<p>distance/energy</p>
 +</HTML>
 +
 +
 +<HTML>
 +<p>= 12 m/s / 0.050 kJ/s</p>
 +</HTML>
 +
 +
 +<HTML>
 +<p>= 240m/kJ</p>
 +</HTML>
 +
 +
 +==== Mass.distance per Joule ====
 +
 +
 +<HTML>
 +<p>Albatrosses weigh 5.9 to 12.7 kg.<span class="easy-footnote-margin-adjust" id="easy-footnote-7-2772"></span><span class="easy-footnote"><a href="#easy-footnote-bottom-7-2772" title='&amp;#8220;Adults can weigh from 5.9 to 12.7 kg (13 to 28 lb)&amp;#8221;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;“Wandering Albatross.” In &lt;em&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/em&gt;, October 27, 2020. &lt;a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wandering_albatross&amp;amp;oldid=985673754"&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wandering_albatross&amp;amp;oldid=985673754&lt;/a&gt;.'><sup>7</sup></a></span></p>
 +</HTML>
 +
 +
 +<HTML>
 +<p>Thus we can estimate:</p>
 +</HTML>
 +
 +
 +<HTML>
 +<p>mass.distance/Joule</p>
 +</HTML>
 +
 +
 +<HTML>
 +<p>= 5.9kg * 240 m/kJ to 12.7kg*240 m/kJ</p>
 +</HTML>
 +
 +
 +<HTML>
 +<p>= 1.4—3.0kg.m/J</p>
 +</HTML>
 +
 +
 +<HTML>
 +<p id="block-501d3537-b05b-415d-8040-d337eae506e4"><br/>
 +<br/>
 +<em>Primary author: Ronny Fernandez</em></p>
 +</HTML>
 +
 +
 +===== Notes =====
 +
 +
 +<HTML>
 +<ol class="easy-footnotes-wrapper">
 +<li><div class="li">
 +<span class="easy-footnote-margin-adjust" id="easy-footnote-bottom-1-2772"></span>“The <strong>wandering albatross</strong>, <strong>snowy albatross</strong>, <strong>white-winged albatross</strong> or <strong>goonie</strong><sup><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wandering_albatross#cite_note-Robertsonft-3">[3]</a></sup> (<em>Diomedea exulans</em>) is a large <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seabird">seabird</a> from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)">family</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diomedeidae">Diomedeidae</a>, which has a circumpolar range in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Ocean">Southern Ocean</a>…It is one of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_birds">largest</a>, best known, and most studied species of bird in the world, with it possessing the greatest known wingspan of any living bird. …Some individual wandering albatrosses are known to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumnavigation">circumnavigate</a> the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Ocean">Southern Ocean</a> three times, covering more than 120,000 km (75,000 mi), in one year”
 +                  <p>“Wandering Albatross.” In <em>Wikipedia</em>, October 27, 2020. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wandering_albatross&amp;oldid=985673754">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wandering_albatross&amp;oldid=985673754</a>.<a class="easy-footnote-to-top" href="#easy-footnote-1-2772"></a></p>
 +</div></li>
 +<li><div class="li">
 +<span class="easy-footnote-margin-adjust" id="easy-footnote-bottom-2-2772"></span>“The average ground speed is 12.0 (± 0.1) m/s.”
 +                  <p>See Figure 3 for all ground speed measurements. Though also,<br/>
 +<br/>
 +                  “Notably, due to the combination of fast airspeeds and leeway the fastest ground speeds (~ 22 m/s) tend to be located in the diagonal downwind direction.</p>
 +<p>Richardson, Philip L., Ewan D. Wakefield, and Richard A. Phillips. “Flight Speed and Performance of the Wandering Albatross with Respect to Wind.” <em>Movement Ecology</em> 6, no. 1 (March 7, 2018): 3. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s40462-018-0121-9">https://doi.org/10.1186/s40462-018-0121-9</a>.<a class="easy-footnote-to-top" href="#easy-footnote-2-2772"></a></p>
 +</div></li>
 +<li><div class="li">
 +<span class="easy-footnote-margin-adjust" id="easy-footnote-bottom-3-2772"></span>“Notably, due to the combination of fast airspeeds and leeway the fastest ground speeds (~ 22 m/s) tend to be located in the diagonal downwind direction.”
 +                  <p>Richardson, Philip L., Ewan D. Wakefield, and Richard A. Phillips. “Flight Speed and Performance of the Wandering Albatross with Respect to Wind.” <em>Movement Ecology</em> 6, no. 1 (March 7, 2018): 3. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s40462-018-0121-9">https://doi.org/10.1186/s40462-018-0121-9</a>.<a class="easy-footnote-to-top" href="#easy-footnote-3-2772"></a></p>
 +</div></li>
 +<li><div class="li">
 +<span class="easy-footnote-margin-adjust" id="easy-footnote-bottom-4-2772"></span>“Energy cost of flight was estimated to be 2.35 times measured BMR.”
 +                  <p>Adams, N. J., C. R. Brown, and K. A. Nagy. “Energy Expenditure of Free-Ranging Wandering Albatrosses Diomedea                Exulans.” <em>Physiological Zoology</em> 59, no. 6 (November 1, 1986): 583–91. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1086/physzool.59.6.30158606">https://doi.org/10.1086/physzool.59.6.30158606</a>.<a class="easy-footnote-to-top" href="#easy-footnote-4-2772"></a></p>
 +</div></li>
 +<li><div class="li">
 +<span class="easy-footnote-margin-adjust" id="easy-footnote-bottom-5-2772"></span>“This is equivalent to an overall energy expenditure of 3,354 kJ bird⁻¹ day⁻¹ or 1.83 times measured basal metabolic rate (BMR).”
 +                  <p>Adams, N. J., C. R. Brown, and K. A. Nagy. “Energy Expenditure of Free-Ranging Wandering Albatrosses Diomedea                Exulans.” <em>Physiological Zoology</em> 59, no. 6 (November 1, 1986): 583–91. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1086/physzool.59.6.30158606">https://doi.org/10.1086/physzool.59.6.30158606</a>.</p>
 +<p>From this we infer that the basal metabolic rate is 1,833 kJ/ bird.day.<a class="easy-footnote-to-top" href="#easy-footnote-5-2772"></a></p>
 +</div></li>
 +<li><div class="li">
 +<span class="easy-footnote-margin-adjust" id="easy-footnote-bottom-6-2772"></span>2.35 * 3,354 kJ/1.83 * 1/86400 seconds/day<a class="easy-footnote-to-top" href="#easy-footnote-6-2772"></a>
 +</div></li>
 +<li><div class="li">
 +<span class="easy-footnote-margin-adjust" id="easy-footnote-bottom-7-2772"></span>“Adults can weigh from 5.9 to 12.7 kg (13 to 28 lb)”
 +                  <p>“Wandering Albatross.” In <em>Wikipedia</em>, October 27, 2020. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wandering_albatross&amp;oldid=985673754">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wandering_albatross&amp;oldid=985673754</a>.<a class="easy-footnote-to-top" href="#easy-footnote-7-2772"></a></p>
 +</div></li>
 +</ol>
 +</HTML>
 +
 +
  
power_of_evolution/evolution_engineering_comparison/energy_efficiency_of_wandering_albatross_flight.txt · Last modified: 2022/09/21 07:37 (external edit)

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