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ai_timelines:electrical_efficiency_of_computing [2022/09/21 07:37] (current)
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| | ====== Electrical efficiency of computing ====== |
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| | // Published 18 February, 2018 // |
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| | <p>Computer performance per watt has probably doubled every 1.5 years between 1945 and 2000. Since then the trend slowed. By 2015, performance per watt appeared to be doubling every 2.5 years.</p> |
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| | ===== Details ===== |
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| | <p>In 2011 Jon Koomey reported that computation per kWh had doubled every roughly 1.5 years since around 1950, as shown in figure 1 (taken from him).<span class="easy-footnote-margin-adjust" id="easy-footnote-1-1096"></span><span class="easy-footnote"><a href="#easy-footnote-bottom-1-1096" title="&#8220;What most folks don’t know, however, is that the <em>electrical efficiency</em>of computing (the number of computations that can be completed per kilowatt-hour of electricity) has doubled about every one and a half years since the dawn of the computer age &#8221; &#8211; Jon Koomey, 19 Dec 2011, http://www.koomey.com/post/14466436072"><sup>1</sup></a></span> Wikipedia calls this trend ‘<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koomey%27s_law">Koomey’s Law</a>‘. In 2015 Koomey and Naffziger reported in IEEE Spectrum that Koomey’s law began to slow down in around 2000 and by 2015, electrical efficiency was taking 2.5 years to double.<span class="easy-footnote-margin-adjust" id="easy-footnote-2-1096"></span><span class="easy-footnote"><a href="#easy-footnote-bottom-2-1096" title="&#8220;This trend started well before the first microprocessor, way back in the mid-1940s. But it began to come to an end around 2000. Growth in both peak-output efficiency and performance started to slow, weighed down by the physical limitations of shrinking transistors. &#8221; &#8211; Koomey and Naffziger, 31 March 2015, https://spectrum.ieee.org/computing/hardware/moores-law-might-be-slowing-down-but-not-energy-efficiency"><sup>2</sup></a></span></p> |
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| | <p>We have not investigated beyond this, except to note that there is not obvious controversy on the topic. We do not know the details of the methods involved in this research, for instance how ‘computations’ are measured.</p> |
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| | <figure aria-describedby="caption-attachment-1097" class="wp-caption alignnone" id="attachment_1097" style="width: 600px"> |
| | <a href="http://aiimpacts.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Koomeys_law_graph_made_by_Koomey.jpg"><img alt="" class="wp-image-1097" height="729" sizes="(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px" src="https://aiimpacts.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Koomeys_law_graph_made_by_Koomey.jpg" srcset="https://aiimpacts.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Koomeys_law_graph_made_by_Koomey.jpg 631w, https://aiimpacts.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Koomeys_law_graph_made_by_Koomey-247x300.jpg 247w" width="600"/></a> |
| | <figcaption class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-1097"> |
| | <strong>Figure 1.</strong> Computations per kWh over recent history. Taken from Dr Jon Koomey, <a class="external free" href="http://www.koomey.com/post/14466436072" rel="nofollow">http://www.koomey.com/post/14466436072</a>, <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0" title="Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0">CC BY-SA 3.0</a> |
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| | <ol class="easy-footnotes-wrapper"> |
| | <li><div class="li"> |
| | <span class="easy-footnote-margin-adjust" id="easy-footnote-bottom-1-1096"></span>“What most folks don’t know, however, is that the <em>electrical efficiency</em>of computing (the number of computations that can be completed per kilowatt-hour of electricity) has doubled about every one and a half years since the dawn of the computer age ” – Jon Koomey, 19 Dec 2011, http://www.koomey.com/post/14466436072<a class="easy-footnote-to-top" href="#easy-footnote-1-1096"></a> |
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| | <span class="easy-footnote-margin-adjust" id="easy-footnote-bottom-2-1096"></span>“This trend started well before the first microprocessor, way back in the mid-1940s. But it began to come to an end around 2000. Growth in both peak-output efficiency and performance started to slow, weighed down by the physical limitations of shrinking transistors. ” – Koomey and Naffziger, 31 March 2015, https://spectrum.ieee.org/computing/hardware/moores-law-might-be-slowing-down-but-not-energy-efficiency<a class="easy-footnote-to-top" href="#easy-footnote-2-1096"></a> |
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