|
|
|
|
— |
ai_timelines:wikipedia_history_of_gflops_costs [2022/09/21 07:37] (current)
|
| | ====== Wikipedia history of GFLOPS costs ====== |
| | |
| | // Published 10 March, 2015; last updated 10 December, 2020 // |
| | |
| | <HTML> |
| | <p>This is a list from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#Hardware_costs">Wikipedia</a>, showing hardware configurations that authors claim perform efficiently, along with their prices per GFLOPS at different times in recent history.</p> |
| | </HTML> |
| | |
| | |
| | <HTML> |
| | <p>In it, prices generally fall at around an order of magnitude every five years, and have continued to do so recently.</p> |
| | </HTML> |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | ===== Notes ===== |
| | |
| | |
| | <HTML> |
| | <p>This list is from November 5 2017 (<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171105094854/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS">archive version</a>). It is not necessarily credible. We had trouble verifying at least one datapoint, of the few we tried. Performance numbers appear to be a mixture of theoretical peak performance and empirical performance. It is not clear to what extent one should expect the included systems to be especially cost-effective, or why these particular systems were chosen.</p> |
| | </HTML> |
| | |
| | |
| | <HTML> |
| | <p>The last point is in October 2017, and appears to be roughly in line with the rest of the trend. The last order of magnitude took around 4.5 years. The overall rate in the figure appears to be very roughly an order of magnitude every five years.</p> |
| | </HTML> |
| | |
| | |
| | ===== List ===== |
| | |
| | |
| | <HTML> |
| | <table class="wikitable"> |
| | <tbody> |
| | <tr> |
| | <th>Date</th> |
| | <th>Approximate cost per GFLOPS</th> |
| | <th>Approximate cost per GFLOPS inflation adjusted to 2013 US dollars<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-54"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171105094854/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#cite_note-54">[54]</a></sup></th> |
| | <th>Platform providing the lowest cost per GFLOPS</th> |
| | <th>Comments</th> |
| | </tr> |
| | <tr> |
| | <td>1961</td> |
| | <td>US$18,672,000,000 ($18.7 billion)</td> |
| | <td>US$145.5 billion</td> |
| | <td> |
| | About 2400 <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171105094854/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_7030_Stretch" title="IBM 7030 Stretch">IBM 7030 Stretch</a> supercomputers costing $7.78 million each |
| | </td> |
| | <td> |
| | The <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171105094854/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_7030_Stretch" title="IBM 7030 Stretch">IBM 7030 Stretch</a> performs one floating-point multiply every 2.4 microseconds.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-55"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171105094854/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#cite_note-55">[55]</a></sup> |
| | </td> |
| | </tr> |
| | <tr> |
| | <td>1984</td> |
| | <td>$18,750,000</td> |
| | <td>$42,780,000</td> |
| | <td> |
| | <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171105094854/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cray_X-MP" title="Cray X-MP">Cray X-MP</a>/48 |
| | </td> |
| | <td>$15,000,000 / 0.8 GFLOPS</td> |
| | </tr> |
| | <tr> |
| | <td>1997</td> |
| | <td>$30,000</td> |
| | <td>$42,000</td> |
| | <td> |
| | Two 16-processor <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171105094854/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beowulf_(computing)" title="Beowulf (computing)">Beowulf</a>clusters with <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171105094854/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentium_Pro" title="Pentium Pro">Pentium Pro</a>microprocessors<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-56"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171105094854/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#cite_note-56">[56]</a></sup> |
| | </td> |
| | <td></td> |
| | </tr> |
| | <tr> |
| | <td><span class="sorttext">April 2000</span></td> |
| | <td>$1,000</td> |
| | <td>$1,300</td> |
| | <td> |
| | <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171105094854/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beowulf_(computing)" title="Beowulf (computing)">Bunyip Beowulf cluster</a> |
| | </td> |
| | <td>Bunyip was the first sub-US$1/MFLOPS computing technology. It won the Gordon Bell Prize in 2000.</td> |
| | </tr> |
| | <tr> |
| | <td><span class="sorttext">May 2000</span></td> |
| | <td>$640</td> |
| | <td>$836</td> |
| | <td> |
| | <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171105094854/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky_Linux_Athlon_Testbed" title="Kentucky Linux Athlon Testbed">KLAT2</a> |
| | </td> |
| | <td>KLAT2 was the first computing technology which scaled to large applications while staying under US-$1/MFLOPS.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-57"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171105094854/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#cite_note-57">[57]</a></sup></td> |
| | </tr> |
| | <tr> |
| | <td><span class="sorttext">August 2003</span></td> |
| | <td>$82</td> |
| | <td>$100</td> |
| | <td>KASY0</td> |
| | <td>KASY0 was the first sub-US$100/GFLOPS computing technology.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-58"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171105094854/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#cite_note-58">[58]</a></sup></td> |
| | </tr> |
| | <tr> |
| | <td><span class="sorttext">August 2007</span></td> |
| | <td>$48</td> |
| | <td>$52</td> |
| | <td>Microwulf</td> |
| | <td>As of August 2007, this 26.25 GFLOPS “personal” Beowulf cluster can be built for $1256.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-59"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171105094854/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#cite_note-59">[59]</a></sup></td> |
| | </tr> |
| | <tr> |
| | <td><span class="sorttext">March 2011</span></td> |
| | <td>$1.80</td> |
| | <td>$1.80</td> |
| | <td>HPU4Science</td> |
| | <td>This $30,000 cluster was built using only commercially available “gamer” grade hardware.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-60"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171105094854/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#cite_note-60">[60]</a></sup></td> |
| | </tr> |
| | <tr> |
| | <td><span class="sorttext">August 2012</span></td> |
| | <td>$0.75</td> |
| | <td>$0.73</td> |
| | <td>Quad AMD Radeon 7970 GHz System</td> |
| | <td> |
| | A quad <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171105094854/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMD" title="AMD">AMD</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171105094854/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radeon_HD_7000_Series" title="Radeon HD 7000 Series">Radeon 7970</a> desktop computer reaching 16 TFLOPS of single-precision, 4 TFLOPS of double-precision computing performance. Total system cost was $3000; Built using only commercially available hardware.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-61"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171105094854/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#cite_note-61">[61]</a></sup> |
| | </td> |
| | </tr> |
| | <tr> |
| | <td><span class="sorttext">June 2013</span></td> |
| | <td>$0.22</td> |
| | <td>$0.22</td> |
| | <td>Sony PlayStation 4</td> |
| | <td> |
| | The Sony <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171105094854/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_4" title="PlayStation 4">PlayStation 4</a> is listed as having a peak performance of 1.84 TFLOPS, at a price of $400<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-62"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171105094854/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#cite_note-62">[62]</a></sup> |
| | </td> |
| | </tr> |
| | <tr> |
| | <td><span class="sorttext">November 2013</span></td> |
| | <td>$0.16</td> |
| | <td>$0.16</td> |
| | <td>AMD Sempron 145 & GeForce GTX 760 System</td> |
| | <td> |
| | Built using commercially available parts, a system using one AMD <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171105094854/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sempron" title="Sempron">Sempron</a> 145 and three <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171105094854/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nvidia" title="Nvidia">Nvidia</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171105094854/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GeForce_700_series" title="GeForce 700 series">GeForce GTX 760</a> reaches a total of 6.771 TFLOPS for a total cost of $1090.66.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-63"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171105094854/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#cite_note-63">[63]</a></sup> |
| | </td> |
| | </tr> |
| | <tr> |
| | <td><span class="sorttext">December 2013</span></td> |
| | <td>$0.12</td> |
| | <td>$0.12</td> |
| | <td>Pentium G550 & Radeon R9 290 System</td> |
| | <td> |
| | Built using commercially available parts. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171105094854/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171105094854/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Bridge" title="Sandy Bridge">Pentium G550</a> and AMD <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171105094854/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMD_Radeon_Rx_200_series" title="AMD Radeon Rx 200 series">Radeon R9 290</a> tops out at 4.848 TFLOPS grand total of US$681.84.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-64"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171105094854/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#cite_note-64">[64]</a></sup> |
| | </td> |
| | </tr> |
| | <tr> |
| | <td><span class="sorttext">January 2015</span></td> |
| | <td>$0.08</td> |
| | <td>$0.08</td> |
| | <td>Celeron G1830 & Radeon R9 295X2 System</td> |
| | <td> |
| | Built using commercially available parts. Intel <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171105094854/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haswell_(microarchitecture)" title="Haswell (microarchitecture)">Celeron G1830</a> and AMD <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171105094854/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMD_Radeon_Rx_200_series" title="AMD Radeon Rx 200 series">Radeon R9 295X2</a>tops out at over 11.5 TFLOPS at a grand total of US$902.57.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-65"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171105094854/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#cite_note-65">[65]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-66"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171105094854/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#cite_note-66">[66]</a></sup> |
| | </td> |
| | </tr> |
| | <tr> |
| | <td><span class="sorttext">June 2017</span></td> |
| | <td>$0.06</td> |
| | <td>$0.06</td> |
| | <td>AMD Ryzen 7 1700 & AMD Radeon Vega Frontier Edition</td> |
| | <td>Built using commercially available parts. AMD Ryzen 7 1700 CPU combined with AMD Radeon Vega FE cards in CrossFire tops out at over 50 TFLOPS at just under US$3,000for the complete system.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-67"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171105094854/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#cite_note-67">[67]</a></sup></td> |
| | </tr> |
| | <tr> |
| | <td>October 2017</td> |
| | <td>$0.03</td> |
| | <td>$0.03</td> |
| | <td>Intel Celeron G3930 & AMD RX Vega 64</td> |
| | <td> |
| | Built using commercially available parts. Three <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171105094854/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMD_RX_Vega_series" title="AMD RX Vega series">AMD RX Vega 64</a> graphics cards provide just over 75 TFLOPS half precision (38 TFLOPS SP or 2.6 TFLOPS DP when combined with the CPU) at ~$2,050 for the complete system.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-68"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171105094854/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#cite_note-68">[68]</a></sup> |
| | </td> |
| | </tr> |
| | </tbody> |
| | </table> |
| | </HTML> |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | <HTML> |
| | <p>The following is a figure we made, of the above list.</p> |
| | </HTML> |
| | |
| | |
| | ===== ===== |
| | |
| | |
| | ===== Further discussion ===== |
| | |
| | |
| | <HTML> |
| | <p><em><a href="/doku.php?id=ai_timelines:trends_in_the_cost_of_computing" title="Trends in the cost of computing">Trends in the cost of computing</a></em></p> |
| | </HTML> |
| | |
| | |
| |
